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How Are 51�Թ������� in the United States Actually Doing?

Introduction

Public schools educate nearly 90% of American children, making them a cornerstone of the nation’s future. Yet parents, policymakers, and educators often ask the same pressing question: How are U.S. public schools really doing? This 2025 update reviews the latest enrollment data, academic performance, funding challenges, and reforms shaping the K–12 landscape.

Enrollment and Demographics in 2025

According to the, total U.S. public school enrollment stands at 49.5 million students, continuing a slow decline since the pandemic peak of 2020. The student population is now:

• 46% White

• 28% Hispanic

• 15% Black

• 6% Asian

• 5% Multiracial/Other

Nearly 15% of public school students receive special education services under IDEA, and 10.8% are English learners, highlighting the growing demand for inclusive and multilingual support.

Families comparing options often look at class sizes and student-teacher ratios. In 2025, the national average is 15:1, though states vary significantly. Parents interested in comparing public and private school ratios can explore detailed breakdowns on PublicSchoolReview.com.

Academic Performance and Accountability

The latest shows mixed results. While math and reading scores in 2025 improved slightly from their 2022 lows, they remain below pre-pandemic

History of Public Education

The first schools in colonial America were private. Public schools per se came much later on in the 19th century. A History of 51�Թ������� offers a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Funding and Budgeting

U.S. public schools supplemented by funding from state and private sources. 92% of public school funding comes from non-federal sources. An Overview of the Funding of 51�Թ������� explains how the system works. Here are two examples of school district budgets to illustrate the disparity regarding funding between a large urban school district and a small rural school district.

Large School District (Example):

Total Annual Budget: $1.2 billion

Sources of Funding:

• State Funding: $700 million
• Local Property Taxes: $300 million
• Federal Grants: $150 million
• Other Sources (e.g., donations, grants): $50 million

Expenditure Breakdown:

• Instructional Costs (teachers, textbooks, supplies): $600 million
• Administrative Costs (salaries, facilities, utilities): $200 million
• Student Support Services (counseling, special education): $150 million
• Transportation: $50 million
• Building Maintenance: $50 million
• Extracurricular Activities: $30 million
• Debt Service: $20 million
• Reserves and Contingencies: $50 million

Compare this hypothetical budget with the actual of the Houston ISD.

Small School District (Example):

Total Annual Budget: $10 million

Sources of Funding:

• State Funding: $5 million
• Local Property Taxes: $3 million
• Federal Grants: $1 million
• Other Sources (e.g., donations, grants): $1 million

Expenditure Breakdown:

• Instructional Costs (teachers, textbooks, supplies): $4 million
• Administrative Costs (salaries, facilities, utilities): $1 million
• Student Support Services (counseling, special education): $500,000
• Transportation: $150,000
• Building Maintenance: $200,000
• Extracurricular Activities: $50,000
• Debt

Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps or JROTC

I was disappointed to read the story in the about abuse in an Army JROTC program. Why? Because I've always thought very highly of the program available in over 1700 public and private high schools. I will further disclaim that my eldest daughter was in the ROTC program at MIT while she was at Harvard. So, I know first-hand that it is well-run for the most part. The JROTC does an immense amount of good for young people at the high school level.

This photo generated by Canva shows JROTC cadets in their formal uniforms.

What is JROTC?

or Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps in 1916. Each branch of the services has its own distinctive JROTC program. However, they all have the altruistic-sounding mission "To Motivate Young People to be Better Citizens."

The U.S. Army Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) is one of the largest character development and citizenship programs for youth in the world. Source:

• Some people think that JROTC is a recruiting program for the military.
• But it is not. Indeed, most JROTC participants do not join the military after graduating from high school.
• Nor are they required to do so.
• On the other hand, the college-level ROTC programs do require their participants to sign up for a

Ask the experts and they all agree— schools with robust foreign language programs can bring students to the next level.

Public schools that invest in teaching foreign languages, whether through a full-fledged program or just a few classes, are certain to see the benefit in their student body, extracurriculars, and overall reputation. Full language programs start at an early age, immersing children in language classes every year from K-12, with extracurricular clubs, field trips, and learning experiences to enhance their language education.

It’s clear there is currently a gap in language education. As of 2008, only 18.5% of K-12 students were enrolled in a foreign language class. From 1997 to 2008, public and private elementary schools offering foreign language instruction decreased from 31% to 25%. These numbers are simply not acceptable.

This video outlines the benefits of learning a foreign language.

There are many reasons why schools, even those at the most elementary levels, should institute a foreign language program into their core curriculum. Dr. Jennifer Austin, an associate language professor at Rutgers University, is an adamant believer in the benefits of language studies. “Researchers have found that there are lifelong cognitive and academic benefits to becoming bilingual.”

Robert Riger, Vice President and Director of Pimsleur Language Programs, believes foreign language is the gateway to the rest of the world. “At an age where students begin to form individual preferences, dreams, and set priorities,

Once children have graduated from diapers and baby food, the next big decision for parents becomes where to send their precious tots to school. There are many choices available to parents today, from the neighborhood school down the street to charter and private schools in the area. How does a parent know which school will be the best fit for his child? The choice is never easy, but it helps to weigh the pros and cons of each of these types of schools to see which might present the greatest benefit.

Cost

One of the first variables parents must weigh when comparing the various types of schools is cost. Public schools are “free” institutions by law, although they may charge fees and students may be required to provide their own supplies. Charter schools are also considered public schools, so there is no tuition cost assessed. However, private schools can – and do – charge tuition to students and their parents, and in some cases, those costs can be rather high.

According to a report at , the average tuition cost for private secondary schools during the 2007-2008 school year was around $10,500. also cites statistics from the National Catholic Education Association that show while private parochial schools tend to charge lower tuition rates, the average tuition for these schools is still around $2,600 for elementary schools and nearly $7,000 for secondary schools.

Enrollment

Public schools are required to accept